Reactive power circuit 2 kilowatts. Reverse power generator - why it is needed. Reverse power generator - in law

Few people will probably remember how they used to rewind the electricity meter readings. They did this with a transformer, which needed to be grounded. The ground electrode was usually a battery or other utility. It was very life-threatening. Now there is no extraneous interference in electrical wiring and grounding conductors. Plug in the reverse power generator into a regular outlet and wait for the result. An ordinary electric meter with a disk spins the numbers in the opposite direction, a modern electronic meter simply stops.

Power calculation based on electric meter readings

Energy metering devices do not always accurately measure the power used by electronic components. In order to check the operation of the electric meter you need to:

• be able to inspect the device. The electricity meter can be located in the apartment or on the landing;
• The accuracy class of the device is indicated on the front panel - this is the permissible error in %. For example, if accuracy class is 3, then the device will calculate the indicator for 100 W/h used - from 97 to 103 W/h. This will be the calculated electricity rate for this meter;
• To check operation, plug in only one incandescent lamp for one hour and watch the readings on the electric meter.

If your electricity metering device does not meet the test requirements, you should submit an application for its replacement to Energonadzor.

How to calculate the power of an electric current

An electric meter does not calculate the power consumed by electronic components, but the work done by electric current, or more correctly, the energy consumed. You can calculate the power of an electric meter using two methods:

• count the number of revolutions per unit of time and compare this indicator with the number indicated on the counter. For example, if the indicator is 300, this means that the device’s disk makes 300 revolutions in one hour. This means that in 10 minutes it must make 50 revolutions;
• and vice versa: we set the number of revolutions and see how long it takes the counter to do this work.

Electricity consumption

In order to control energy consumption, you need to know the exact figure consumed by your electrical appliances. The number indicating the power used is usually indicated in technical specifications electrical devices. Knowing this number and possible ways to check this indicator, you can control energy consumption. Or purchase a reverse power generator for an electric meter and forget about calculations. However, it should be noted that the industry is already producing “smart” electricity meters that can detect fraud. Then serious problems with Energonadzor can no longer be avoided!

This page will provide a description and propose a schematic diagram of a simple device for energy savings, so-called reactive power inverter. The device is useful when using, for example, such frequently used household electrical appliances as a boiler, electric oven, electric kettle and others, including non-heating electronic devices, TV, computer, etc. The device can be used with any counters, including electronic ones, even having a shunt or air transformer as a sensor. The device is simply inserted into a 220 V 50 Hz outlet and the load is powered from it, while all electrical wiring remains intact. No grounding required. The counter will take into account approximately a quarter of electricity consumed.

Obtain a working diagram of this device indicating the values ​​of the elements and detailed instructions for assembly and configuration you can.

A little theory. When powering an active load, the voltage and current phases coincide. The power function, which is the product of instantaneous voltage and current values, has the form of a sinusoid located only in the region of positive values. The electric energy meter calculates the integral of the power function and registers it on its indicator. If you connect a capacitance to the electrical network instead of a load, the current in phase will lead the voltage by 90 degrees. This will cause the power function to be positioned symmetrically with respect to positive and negative values. Therefore, the integral from it will have a zero value, and the counter will not count anything. In other words, try turning on any non-polar capacitor after the meter. You will see that the counter does not react to it in any way. Moreover, regardless of capacity. The operating principle of the inverter is as simple as a door and consists of using 2 capacitors, the first of which is charged from the network during the first half-cycle of the mains voltage, and during the second it is discharged through the consumer load. While the load is powered by the first capacitor, the second one is also charged from the network without connecting the load. After this, the cycle repeats.

Thus, the load receives power in the form of sawtooth pulses, and the current consumed from the network is almost sinusoidal, only its approximating function is ahead of the voltage in phase. Therefore, the meter does not take into account all the electricity consumed. It is not possible to achieve a phase shift of 90 degrees, since the charge of each capacitor is completed in a quarter of the period of the mains voltage, but the approximating function of the current through the electric brush, with correctly selected parameters of the capacitor capacitance and load, can lead the voltage by up to 70 degrees, which allows the meter to take into account only a quarter of the actual consumed electricity. To supply a load that is sensitive to the voltage waveform, a filter can be installed at the output of the device to bring the supply voltage waveform closer to the correct sine wave.

Simply put, an inverter is a simple electronic device that converts reactive power into active (useful) power. The device is plugged into any outlet, and a powerful consumer (or group of consumers) is powered from it. It is made in such a way that the current it consumes in phase is ahead of the voltage by 45..70 degrees. Therefore, the meter treats the device as a capacitive load and does not take into account most of the actual energy consumed. The device, in turn, inverts the received unaccounted energy and supplies consumers with alternating current. The inverter is designed for a rated voltage of 220 V and a consumer power of up to 5 kW. If desired, the power can be increased. The main advantage of the device is that it works equally well with any meters, including electronic, electronic-mechanical and even the newest ones, which have a shunt or air transformer as a current sensor. All electrical wiring remains intact. No grounding required. The circuit is a bridge based on four thyristors with simple scheme management. You can assemble and configure the device yourself, even with a little amateur radio experience.

How to make a fuel-free generator with your own hands

Many owners sooner or later begin to think about alternative energy sources. We propose to consider what an autonomous fuel-free generator by Tesla, Hendershot, Romanov, Tariel Kanapadze, Smith, Bedini is, the principle of operation of the unit, its circuit and how to make the device with your own hands.

Generator Review

When using a fuelless generator, an internal combustion engine is not required since the device does not need to convert the chemical energy of the fuel into mechanical energy to generate electricity. This electromagnetic device works in such a way that the electricity generated by the generator is recirculated back into the system through a coil.

Photo – Generator Kapanadze

Conventional electric generators operate on the basis of:
1. An internal combustion engine, with a piston and rings, connecting rod, spark plugs, fuel tank, carburetor, ... and
2. Using amateur motors, coils, diodes, AVRs, capacitors, etc.

The internal combustion engine in fuel-free generators is replaced by an electromechanical device that takes power from the generator and uses the same to convert it into mechanical energy with an efficiency of more than 98%. The cycle repeats itself over and over again. So the concept here is to replace the internal combustion engine, which depends on fuel, with an electromechanical device.

Photo - Generator circuit

Mechanical energy will be used to drive the generator and produce the current generated by the generator to power the electromechanical device. The fuelless generator, which is used to replace the internal combustion engine, is designed in such a way that it uses less energy from the generator's power output.

Video: homemade fuel-free generator:

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Tesla Generator

The Tesla linear electric generator is the main prototype of the working device. The patent for it was registered back in the 19th century. The main advantage of the device is that it can be built even at home using solar energy. The iron or steel plate is insulated with external conductors, after which it is placed as high as possible in the air. We place the second plate in sand, earth or other grounded surface. A wire starts from a metal plate, the attachment is made with a capacitor on one side of the plate and a second cable runs from the base of the plate to the other side of the capacitor.

Photo – Tesla fuel-free generator

Such a homemade fuel-free mechanical generator of free energy electricity is fully functional in theory, but for the actual implementation of the plan it is better to use more common models, for example, inventors Adams, Sobolev, Alekseenko, Gromov, Donald, Kondrashov, Motovilov, Melnichenko and others. You can assemble a working device even if you redesign any of the listed devices; it will be cheaper than connecting everything yourself.

In addition to solar energy, you can use turbine generators that operate without fuel using water energy. Magnets completely cover the rotating metal disks, a flange and a self-powered wire are also added to the device, which significantly reduces losses, making this heat generator more efficient than solar. Due to high asynchronous oscillations, this cotton fuel-free generator suffers from eddy electricity, so it cannot be used in a car or to power a home, because. the impulse may burn out the engines.

Photo - Adams fuel-free generator

But Faraday's hydrodynamic law also suggests using a simple perpetual generator. Its magnetic disk is divided into spiral curves that radiate energy from the center to the outer edge, reducing resonance.

In a given high voltage electrical system, if there are two turns side by side, electric current moves through the wire, the current passing through the loop will create a magnetic field that will radiate against the current passing through the second loop, creating resistance.

How to make a generator

Exists two options performing the work:

1. Dry method;


2. Wet or oily;

Wet method uses a battery, while the dry method does without a battery.

Step-by-step instruction how to assemble an electric fuel-free generator. To make a fuel-free wet generator you will need several components:

• battery,


• charger of suitable caliber,


• AC transformer


• Amplifier.

Connect the DC AC transformer to your battery and power amplifier, and then connect the charger and expansion sensor to the circuit, then you need to connect it back to the battery. Why are these components needed:

1. The battery is used to store and store energy;


2. A transformer is used to create constant current signals;


3. The amplifier will help increase the current flow because the power from the battery is only 12V or 24V, depending on the battery.


4. The charger is necessary for the smooth operation of the generator.

Photo – Alternative generator

Dry generator runs on capacitors. To assemble such a device you need to prepare:

• Generator prototype


• Transformer.

This production is the most advanced way to make a generator because its operation can last for years, at least 3 years without recharging. These two components must be combined using undamped special conductors. We recommend using welding to create the strongest possible connection. A dynatron is used to control operation; watch the video on how to correctly connect the conductors.

Transformer-based devices are more expensive, but are much more efficient than battery-based ones. As a prototype you can take the free energy model, kapanadze, torrent, Khmilnik brand. Such devices can be used as a motor for an electric vehicle.

Price overview

On the domestic market, generators produced by Odessa inventors, BTG and BTGR, are considered the most affordable. You can buy such fuel-free generators in a specialized electrical store, online stores, or from the manufacturer (the price depends on the brand of the device and the point of sale).

Fuel-free new 10 kW Vega magnet generators will cost an average of 30,000 rubles.

Odessa plant - 20,000 rubles.

The very popular Andrus will cost owners at least 25,000 rubles.

Imported Ferrite brand devices (analogous to Steven Mark's device) are the most expensive on the domestic market and cost from 35,000 rubles, depending on the power.

The device is designed to rewind the readings of induction electricity meters without changing their connection circuits. In relation to electronic and electronic-mechanical meters, the design of which is incapable of counting down readings, the device allows you to completely stop metering to the level of the reactive power of the generator. With the elements indicated in the diagram, the device is designed for a rated network voltage of 220 V and a rewinding power of 1 kW. The use of other elements allows you to increase the power accordingly. A device assembled according to the proposed scheme is simply inserted into a socket and the counter begins to count in the opposite direction. All electrical wiring remains intact. No grounding required.

Theoretical basis

The operation of the device is based on the fact that current sensors of electric meters, including electronic ones, contain an input induction converter that has low sensitivity to high-frequency currents. This fact makes it possible to introduce a significant negative error into accounting if consumption is carried out in high-frequency pulses. Another feature is that the meter is a power direction relay, that is, if you power the electrical network itself using some source (for example, a diesel generator), the meter rotates in the opposite direction. The listed factors allow you to create a generator simulator. The main element of such a device is a capacitor of appropriate capacity. The capacitor is infected with high-frequency pulses from the network during a quarter of the period of the mains voltage. At a certain frequency value (depending on the characteristics of the meter's input converter), the meter takes into account only a quarter of the actual energy consumed. In the second quarter of the period, the capacitor is discharged back into the network directly, without high-frequency switching. The meter takes into account all the energy supplying the network. In fact, the energy of charging and discharging the capacitor is the same, but only the second is fully taken into account, creating an imitation of a generator powering the network. In this case, the counter counts in the opposite direction at a speed proportional to the difference per unit time of the discharge energy and the taken into account charge energy. The electronic meter will be completely stopped and will allow unaccounted energy consumption, no more than the value of the discharge energy. If the consumer’s power turns out to be greater, the meter will subtract the device’s power from it. In fact, the device leads to the circulation of reactive power in two directions through the meter, in one of which full metering is carried out, and in the other - partial.

Schematic diagram of the device

The schematic diagram is shown in Fig. 1. The main elements of the device are an integrator, which is a resistive bridge R1-R4 and capacitor C1, a pulse shaper (zener diodes D1, D2 and resistors R5, R6), a logic node (elements DD1.1, DD2.1, DD2.2), a clock generator (DD2.3, DD2.4), amplifier (T1, T2), output stage (C2, T3, Br1) and power supply on transformer Tr1. The integrator is designed to isolate signals from the mains voltage that synchronize the operation of a logical node. These are TTL level rectangular pulses at inputs 1 and 2 of the DD1.1 element. The edge of the signal at input 1 of DD1.1 coincides with the beginning of the positive half-wave of the mains voltage, and the decline coincides with the beginning of the negative half-wave. The edge of the signal at input 2 of DD1.1 coincides with the beginning of the positive half-wave of the mains voltage integral, and the decline coincides with the beginning of the negative half-wave. Thus, these signals are rectangular pulses, synchronized by the network and shifted in phase relative to each other by an angle p/2. The signal corresponding to the network voltage is removed from the resistive divider R1, R3, limited to a level of 5 V using resistor R5 and zener diode D2, then through galvanic isolation on the optocoupler OS1 is supplied to the logical node. Similarly, a signal corresponding to the integral of the network voltage is generated. The integration process is ensured by the processes of charging and discharging capacitor C1. The logical node is used to generate control signals for the powerful key transistor T3 of the output stage. The control algorithm is synchronized by the output signals of the integrator. Based on the analysis of these signals, a control signal for the output stage is generated at output 4 of element DD2.2. At the necessary moments of time, the logical node modulates the output signal with the signal of the master oscillator, providing high-frequency power consumption. To ensure the pulsed process of charging storage capacitor C2, a master oscillator is used on logic elements DD2.3 and DD2.4. It generates pulses with a frequency of 2 kHz and an amplitude of 5 V. The signal frequency at the generator output and the duty cycle of the pulses are determined by the parameters of the timing circuits C3-R20 and C4-R21. These parameters can be selected during setup to ensure the greatest error in metering the electricity consumed by the device. The control signal for the output stage, through galvanic isolation on optocoupler OS3, is supplied to the input of a two-stage amplifier on transistors T1 and T2. The main purpose of this amplifier is to completely open the output stage transistor T3 into saturation mode and reliably lock it at times determined by the logical node. Only entering saturation and completely closing will allow transistor T3 to function under difficult operating conditions of the output stage. If you do not ensure reliable complete opening and closing of T3, and in a minimum time, then it fails from overheating within a few seconds. The power supply is built according to a classical design. The need to use two power channels is dictated by the peculiarity of the output stage mode. It is possible to ensure reliable opening of T3 only with a supply voltage of at least 12V, and to power the microcircuits a stabilized voltage of 5V is required. In this case, the common wire can only conditionally be considered the negative pole of the 5-volt output. It must not be grounded or connected to network wires. The main requirement for the power supply is the ability to provide a current of up to 2 A at the 36 V output. This is necessary to put the powerful switching transistor of the output stage into saturation mode in the open state. Otherwise, it will dissipate a lot of power and it will fail.

Details and design

Any microcircuits can be used: 155, 133, 156 and other series. The use of microcircuits based on MOS structures is not recommended, since they are more susceptible to interference from the operation of a powerful switching stage. The key transistor T3 must be installed on a radiator with an area of ​​at least 200 cm2. For transistor T2, a radiator with an area of ​​at least 50 cm2 is used. For safety reasons, the metal body of the device should not be used as heat sinks. Storage capacitor C2 can only be non-polar. The use of an electrolytic capacitor is not permitted. The capacitor must be designed for a voltage of at least 400V. Resistors: R1 – R4, R15 type MLT-2; R18, R19 - wire with a power of at least 10 W; The rest are resistors of type MLT-0.25. Transformer Tr1 - any power of about 100 W with two separate secondary windings. The voltage of winding 2 should be 24 - 26 V, the voltage of winding 3 should be 4 - 5 V. The main requirement is that winding 2 must be designed for a current of 2 - 3 A. Winding 3 is low-power, the current consumption from it will be no more than 50 mA .

Be careful when setting up the circuit! Remember that not all the low-voltage part of the circuit is galvanically isolated from the electrical network! It is not recommended to use the metal body of the device as a heatsink for the output transistor. The use of fuses is mandatory! The storage capacitor operates in extreme mode, so before turning on the device it must be placed in a durable metal case. The use of an electrolytic (oxide) capacitor is not allowed! The low-voltage power supply is checked separately from other modules. It must provide at least 2 A of current at the 36 V output, as well as 5 V to power the control system. The integrator is checked with a dual-beam oscilloscope. To do this, the common wire of the oscilloscope is connected to the neutral wire of the electrical network (N), the wire of the first channel is connected to the connection point of resistors R1 and R3, and the wire of the second channel is connected to the connection point of R2 and R4. The screen should show two sinusoids with a frequency of 50 Hz and an amplitude of about 150 V each, offset from each other along the time axis by an angle p/2. Next, check the presence of signals at the outputs of the limiters by connecting an oscilloscope in parallel with zener diodes D1 and D2. To do this, the common wire of the oscilloscope is connected to point N of the network. The signals must have a regular rectangular shape, a frequency of 50 Hz, an amplitude of about 5 V, and must also be offset from each other by an angle p/2 along the time axis. The rise and fall of pulses is allowed for no more than 1 ms. If the phase shift of the signals differs from p/2, then it is corrected by selecting capacitor C1. The steepness of the rise and fall of the pulses can be changed by selecting the resistance of resistors R5 and R6. These resistances must be at least 8 kOhm, otherwise the signal level limiters will affect the quality of the integration process, which will ultimately lead to overloading the output stage transistor. Then they set up the generator by disconnecting the power part of the circuit from the mains. The generator should generate pulses with an amplitude of 5 V and a frequency of about 2 kHz. The pulse duty cycle is approximately 1/1. If necessary, capacitors C3, C4 or resistors R20, R21 are selected for this. Logical node provided correct installation does not require adjustment. It is only advisable to verify with an oscilloscope that at inputs 1 and 2 of the DD1.1 element there are periodic rectangular signals, shifted relative to each other along the time axis by an angle p/2. At output 4 of DD2.2, bursts of pulses with a frequency of 2 kHz should be generated periodically every 10 ms, the duration of each burst is 5 ms. Setting the output stage consists of setting the base current of transistor T3 to a level of at least 1.5 -2 A. This is necessary to saturate this transistor in the open state. To set up, it is recommended to disconnect the output stage with the amplifier from the logic node (disconnect resistor R22 from the output of element DD2.2), and control the stage by applying +5 V to the disconnected contact of resistor R22 directly from the power supply. Instead of capacitor C1, a load in the form of an incandescent lamp with a power of 100 W is temporarily turned on. The base current T3 is set by selecting the resistance of resistor R18. This may also require selection of R13 and R15 of the amplifier. After ignition of optocoupler OS3, the base current of transistor T3 should decrease almost to zero (several μA). This setting provides the most favorable thermal operating conditions for the powerful switching transistor of the output stage. After setting up all the elements, restore all connections in the circuit and check the operation of the complete circuit. It is recommended to perform the first switching on with the capacitance value of capacitor C2 reduced to approximately 1 µF. After turning on the device, let it operate for a few minutes, paying special attention to temperature regime key transistor. If everything is in order, you can increase the capacitance of capacitor C2. It is recommended to increase the capacity to the nominal value in several stages, checking the temperature conditions each time. The rewinding power primarily depends on the capacitance of capacitor C2. To increase power, you need a larger capacitor. The limiting value of the capacitance is determined by the magnitude of the pulsed charge current. Its value can be judged by connecting an oscilloscope in parallel with resistor R19. For KT848A transistors, it should not exceed 20 A. If you need to increase the rewinding power, you will have to use more powerful transistors, as well as Br1 diodes. But it is better to use another circuit with an output stage of four transistors for this. It is not recommended to use too much unwinding power. As a rule, 1 kW is quite enough. If the device operates together with other consumers, the meter will subtract the power of the device from their power, but the electrical wiring will be loaded with reactive power. This must be taken into account so as not to damage the electrical wiring. Chapter.

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Option #1. "Electronic. Reverse (reactive) power generator 1-5 kW.”

A device for rewinding or braking a counter. The device plugs into any outlet; no interference with electrical wiring or grounding is required. Consumers eat as usual, the generator does not interfere with them. But the induction counter (with a disk) counts in the opposite direction, and the electronic and electronic-mechanical counters stop, which is also not bad. The device causes power to circulate in two directions through the meter. In the forward direction, due to high-frequency modulation of the current, partial metering is carried out, and in the reverse direction, complete metering is carried out. Therefore, the meter perceives the operation of the device as a source of energy that supplies the entire electrical network from your apartment. The counter counts in the opposite direction at a speed equal to the difference between full and partial metering. The electronic meter will be completely stopped and will allow unmetered energy consumption. If the power of the consumers turns out to be greater than the reverse power of the device, then the meter will subtract the latter from the power of the consumers. The device makes the counter count in the opposite direction at a speed of up to 5 kW per hour (depending on the rewinding power you choose, the instructions provide all the data for collecting the device with a rewinding power of 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 kW, the specification of the elements, the fundamental diagram, and a complete list of elements for all power options). The device is built on only two transistors, two logical chips of the K155 series, and also contains a dozen other common parts. A radio amateur can assemble and configure it even without much experience. If the meter is equipped with external current transformers and it is possible to connect to their secondary windings, then the winding power is multiplied by the transformation ratio. For example, if the current transformer CT is 0.38 1000/5, one generator will provide a winding speed of 1000 kW*h. Three generators can be used, one for each phase. There will be a triple effect. Applicable for three-phase meter. When plugged into the socket, it will subtract the specified power (1-5 kW) from the total metering power in the phase to which it is connected.

Peculiarities.

Positive: No interference with the electrical wiring is required. All electrical wiring remains intact. No grounding required. You can use the device for both single-phase meters with a voltage of 220V, and for three-phase 380V, simply by plugging it into any socket after the meter. The consumers are not connected to the generator. The residual current device (RCD) does not interfere with the operation of the device.

Negative: It is necessary to assemble the device... The method is quite expensive.

The cost of documentation with detailed illustrated instructions, which includes an electrical circuit diagram, assembly and configuration instructions, a complete list of all elements and materials used: 500 rubles.

Warning!

Dear site visitors! In your attempts to rewind or deceive counters, you will most likely succeed if you have already set yourself such a task! But do not forget, having achieved success, to be careful and spend wisely. natural resources. After all, after us, our children and grandchildren should also use this!!!