What do you understand by the word biosocial? Man is a biosocial being. Labor activity and communication between man and society
| Biological nature of man | Social essence of man | |||
| Manifests in | ||||
| belonging to higher mammals, human anatomy and physiology (metabolism, self-preservation instinct, genetic predisposition, etc.) | inextricable connection with society and its structures (communication, activity, possession of a social role, social status, etc.) | |||
| Adjustable | ||||
| laws of functioning of living nature | socio-historical laws of existence | |||
The biological and social in man exist in inextricable unity.
Individual, individuality, personality. All these words are used to describe a person. What are the semantic differences between these terms?
Individual – a specific, individual person considered as a biosocial being.
Individuality – a set of unique human traits, both biological (hereditary and acquired properties - height, eye color, body structure, etc.) and psychological (temperament, character, abilities, etc.).
Personality – a person as a subject of conscious activity, possessing a set of socially significant qualities that he realizes in public life.
No wonder they say: “One is born as an individual, one becomes an individual, and one proves one’s individuality throughout one’s life.”
Thinking and speech- specific properties of a person. The ability to think is the most important difference between a person and an animal.
Thinking– this is a reflection of processes occurring in reality, their essence with the help of concepts and abstractions; it appears on the basis of practical activity from sensory knowledge and goes far beyond its scope. Thinking allows you to see the connections and dependencies of phenomena, including cognizing such phenomena and properties of the external world that are not directly observed.
Individual characteristics of thinking can be:
– independence (the ability to see and pose a new problem and solve it on one’s own);
– flexibility (ability to change, respond to external changes);
– speed (the ability to make decisions in a limited time).
Language is a system of verbal signs as a means of existence, assimilation and transmission of socio-historical experience.
Speech – the process of communication using language. There are external (oral and written) and internal (to oneself) speech; monologue and dialogic.
Thinking is impossible without speech. The more deeply a thought is thought out, the more clearly and clearly it is expressed in oral and written speech.
Abilities a person is called his individual characteristics that help him successfully engage in a certain activity. Each type of ability has its own structure (compare, for example, mathematical, organizational and musical abilities). Abilities develop from inclinations and are revealed only in activity.
Talent – outstanding abilities and genius – the highest degree of talent development associated with the creation of unique creations.
Conscious and unconscious– these are correlative concepts that express the peculiarities of the work of the human psyche.
Consciousness we call the universal ability, characteristic only of man, to comprehend being in the world and oneself in this world. The conscious activity of people is characterized by their thinking about their actions and the exercise of self-control.
Conscious includes:
a) the body of knowledge about the world around us and the most important cognitive processes;
b) fixed distinction between subject and object;
c) ensuring goal-setting human activity;
d) feelings, emotions expressing relationships.
The highest degree of development of the cognitive ability of thinking is called mind .
Under unconscious in psychology we understand states in which a person is not aware. An example of the unconscious would be drives, i.e. psychological states expressing an unconscious or insufficiently conscious need. The unconscious also includes automatic behavior algorithms, subsensory perception, etc. An outstanding role in the study of the manifestations of the unconscious was played by the Austrian scientist S. Freud and the Swiss scientist K. Jung.
The unconscious is a form of reflection of reality in which the completeness of orientation in time and place of action is lost, and speech regulation of behavior is disrupted. In the unconscious, unlike consciousness, purposeful control by a person of the actions that he performs is impossible, and evaluation of their results is also impossible.
The conscious and unconscious are relatively independent. Thus, in a state of sleep and hypnosis, the conscious is turned off, and the unconscious functions relatively independently. During intense mental activity, the value of the unconscious will be close to zero. It is important that the human psyche is unified and acts as a single whole.
BASIC CONCEPTS
Anthropogenesis
Anthropology
Unconscious
Genius
Individual
Individuality
Personality
Thinking
Intelligence
Speech
Conscious
Capabilities
Talent
Language
CONTROL QUESTIONS
1. How do you understand the expression: “One is born a person, one becomes a person, and one proves one’s individuality throughout one’s life”?
2. Is C. Lombroso right, from your point of view, when he wrote about the direct connection between a person’s propensity for crime and his biological characteristics, for example, facial features?
3. Can you define your individual thinking as independent? Flexible?
4. What is necessary for a person’s inclinations to develop into abilities?
5. What qualities of thinking are manifested in the professional activities of a research scientist (teacher, driver, designer)?
TASKS
1. Comment on the lines of Omar Khayyam’s poem:
"Man, like the world in a mirror, has many faces
He is insignificant - and he is immeasurably great."
2. Which of the listed properties of living beings distinguish man as the highest living being?
3. Fill out the table
4. He is the winner of the erudite competition, the “soul” of the team, ready to help at any moment. All these signs characterize a person as ………………………. (fill in the blank).
5. Speech always bears the “stamp” of the social environment in which it exists. Check yourself and your friends. Write down some funny phrases you heard in class. Ask adults what these expressions mean, who could have said them and under what circumstances.
TESTS
1. Are the following judgments true:
A. Every person is an individual.
B. People are born a person, but they become a person.
1) only A is correct
2) only B is correct
3) A and B are correct.
4) both judgments are incorrect
2. The thesis about man as the measure of all things was proclaimed:
1) ancient Chinese philosophy
2) ancient Indian philosophy
3) ancient Greek philosophy
4) Marxism.
3. Persistent, unchanging anatomical and physiological traits that express the characteristics of a person as a living being are:
1) human nature
2) social essence
3) cultural program
4) personality.
4. Mental states expressing an unconscious need are:
1) interests
2) beliefs
3) attractions
4) installations.
5. The highest degree of talent development associated with the preservation of qualitatively new, unique creations is:
1) thinking
2) abilities
3) genius
4) character.
Test key: 1–2; 2–3; 3–1; 4–3; 5–3.
Man: thinkers of the past and present about his life, death and immortality. M., 1995.
The ancient world - the Age of Enlightenment. M., 1995.
XIX century. M., 1995.
Malshevsky A.F. Human world. M., 1998.
Gurevich P.S. Human. M., 1995.
HUMAN ACTIVITY
The essence of human activity. The real process of human life in philosophy is called being. Activity is inherent in all living beings, but only man is characterized by such a form of activity as activity. It is in activity that a person reveals his special place in the world and establishes himself as a social being.
Activity- interaction of a person with the world, during which a person consciously and purposefully changes the world and himself.
Activity structure includes:
– subject– the one who carries out the activity (person, group of people, organization, state); depending on the nature of the subject (individual or group), individual and collective activities are distinguished;
- an object - what the activity is aimed at; objects can be material and ideal;
– target - conscious image of what is desired; this image must correspond to the real possibilities of the surrounding world and the subject himself;
– facilities - what is necessary to carry out the activity: not only various tools and objects, but also methods and techniques of action; the wider the set of tools, the more opportunities for carrying out activities;
– actions - are aimed at achieving a goal, their sequence constitutes the activity;
– result - the result of an activity that does not always coincide with the goal (may be opposite, divergent, random). Factors that determine the discrepancy between the result and the goal include setting an unattainable goal, incorrect choice of means, incomplete actions, insufficient consideration of external conditions, etc.
| Motives for activity are motivations for activity. | ||||||
| ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | ||
| Needs are experienced and perceived needs for something. | Interests are a form of manifestation of the needs of a person, a social group or society as a whole. | Social attitudes - a stable predisposition, readiness to act in a certain way in relation to any object | Beliefs are stable views on the world, ideals and principles, as well as the desire to bring them to life through one’s actions and deeds. | Unconscious factors are those that a person is not aware of | ||
Needs- the most important motivating force. Any classification of needs is rather conditional. The most accessible classification option is to divide needs into three groups:
1) biological (in nutrition, breathing, self-preservation, etc.);
2) social (in communication, self-realization, public recognition, etc.);
3) ideal (in knowledge, in art, etc.).
Another needs model was developed by an American scientist A. Maslow.
A. Maslow called the first two types of needs primary (innate), and the other three types secondary (acquired). The needs of each next level become urgent when the previous ones are satisfied.
The lower needs are inherent in all people in equal measure, but the higher needs are inherent in unequal measures.
Needs are often divided into:
- on authentic(reasonable), encouraging a person to actively socially useful activities, promoting the physical and spiritual improvement of the individual without causing damage to nature and other people;
– imaginary(false, unreasonable) - their satisfaction leads to physical and spiritual degradation of the individual, causing damage to nature and society.
Abraham Maslow(1908–1970), American psychologist, founder of the hierarchical theory of needs. This theory was created in the 1940s. and was further developed by the scientist and his followers. In particular, it was recognized that in order for a higher level of the hierarchy of needs to begin to influence human behavior, it is not necessary to satisfy the need of a lower level completely. A. Maslow wrote: “Until now we have said that the hierarchical levels of needs have a fixed order, but in fact this hierarchy is far from being as “rigid” as we thought... There are people for whom, for example, self-esteem is more important, than love."
Variety of activities. The main reason for the diversity of human activity is the diversity of its motives, first of all, interests and needs, as well as the variety of cultural programs that guide the subjects. The most general classification of activities may look like this:
There are also such types of activities as creative, labor, and play. All of them make it possible to satisfy numerous human needs and contribute to personal development.
M. Weber divided actions depending on their motives into four groups:
– purposeful actions (an individual’s behavior is focused on a rationally set, thoughtful goal, means and side results of actions);
– value-rational (subject to principles, requirements, based on belief in the aesthetic, religious or other value of a certain behavior);
– affective (determined by the emotional state of the individual);
– traditional (based on long-term habit).
Communication involves the exchange of information, which is also the essence of communication. However, the meaning of these terms differs significantly.
Communication– unidirectional flow of information in the absence or formal nature of feedback.
When equal partners communicate, the mechanism for transmitting and perceiving information changes, and it is significantly enriched.
Communication– a complex and multifaceted process, including not only the exchange of information, but also interaction, mutual influence and mutual understanding of partners.
The functions of communication through which its social role is realized are diverse - to form a personality, its consciousness and self-awareness, to connect with other people, to transfer experience and knowledge.
The most important communication functions:
– communicative (information exchange, clarification, development and production of new information);
– interactive (exchange of ideas and actions, mutual influence);
– perceptual (perception of each other, formation of holistic images, establishment of mutual understanding).
BASIC CONCEPTS
Activities
Imagination
Activity
A game
Interests
Intuition
Communication
Motives
Communication
Needs
Activity structure
Creation
Work
Beliefs
Settings
Fantasy
Goal setting
Unlimited social progress is associated with the emergence of man as a biosocial being, characterized by reason and a pronounced social orientation. As a rational being producing material means of production, man has existed for about 2 million years, and almost all this time, changes in the conditions of his existence led to changes in the man himself - in the process of purposeful labor activity, his brain and limbs improved, thinking developed, new creative skills were formed, collective experience and knowledge. All this led to the emergence of a modern type of man about 40 thousand years ago - Homo sapiens (reasonable man), who stopped changing, but instead society began to change at first very slowly, and then more and more rapidly.
What is a person? How is he different from animals? People have been thinking about these questions for a long time, but to this day they have not found a final answer. The ancient Greek philosopher Plato answered them like this: “Man is a two-legged animal without feathers.” Two thousand years later, the famous French physicist and mathematician B. Pascal objected to Plato: “A man without legs still remains a man, but a rooster without feathers does not become a man.”
What distinguishes people from animals? There is, for example, a sign that is unique to humans: of all living creatures, only humans have a soft earlobe. But is this fact the main thing that distinguishes humans from animals? Despite the fact that man descended from an animal and his body, blood, and brain belong to nature (he is a biological being), great thinkers came to the conclusion: the most important sign of a person is that he is a public or social being (the Latin word socialis means public). The determining condition for the transformation of an animal ancestor into a human being was labor. And work is possible only as a collective work, i.e. public. Only in society, in communication between people, did work entail the formation of new, human qualities: language (speech) and the ability to think.
Consequently, the purpose of my work is to study both the biological and social aspects of human existence.
And since, for a correct understanding of the processes occurring in man, determining his place in nature, in the life and development of society, a scientific substantiation of the question of the origin of man is necessary, the task of my work is to consider the question of the origin of man, as well as the concept of his essence.
The question of one’s own origin has constantly attracted people’s attention, since for a person, knowing oneself is no less important than knowing the world around us. Attempts to understand and explain their origins were made by philosophers, theologians, scientists - representatives of the natural (anthropology, biology, physiology), humanities (history, psychology, sociology) and technical (cybernetics, bionics, genetic engineering) sciences. In this regard, there are quite a large number of concepts that explain the nature and essence of man. Most of them consider a person as a complex integral system that combines biological and social components.
The central place in the complex of natural science disciplines that study man is occupied by anthropology - the general study of the origin and evolution of man, the formation of human races and variations in the physical structure of man. Modern anthropology considers anthropogenesis - the process of human origin - as a continuation of biogenesis. The main questions of anthropology are questions about the place and time of the appearance of man, the main stages of his evolution, the driving forces and determining factors of development, the relationship between anthropogenesis and sociogenesis.
As anthropological science emerged and developed, five basic concepts of anthropogenesis tried to answer all these questions:
1) creationist concept - man was created by God or the world’s mind;
2) biological concept - man evolved from common ancestors with monkeys through the accumulation of biological changes;
3) labor concept - labor played a decisive role in the emergence of man, turning ape-like ancestors into people;
4) mutation concept - primates turned into humans due to mutations and other anomalies in nature;
5) cosmic concept - man as a descendant or creation of aliens who, for some reason, came to Earth. (Sadokhin, Alexander Petrovich. Concepts of modern natural science)
A decisive, truly revolutionary step was taken by Charles Darwin, who in 1871 published his book “The Descent of Man and Sexual Selection.” In it, using a wealth of factual material, Darwin substantiated two very important points:
man descended from animal ancestors;
man is related to modern apes, which, together with man, descended from an more ancient original form.
This is how the simial (monkey) concept of anthropogenesis arose, according to which man and modern anthropoids descended from a common ancestor who lived in a distant geological era and was a fossil African ape-like creature.
Since the 19th century, the concept of human origin from the highly developed ancestors of modern apes, derived from Darwin’s theory of evolution, has dominated science. It received genetic confirmation in the 20th century, since of all animals, chimpanzees turned out to be closest to humans in terms of genetic apparatus. But all this does not mean that living chimpanzees or gorillas are exact copies of human ancestors. It’s just that humans have a common ancestor with these monkeys. Scientists named it Dryopithecus (Latin for “tree monkey”).
These ancient apes, who lived on the African and European continents, led an arboreal lifestyle and apparently ate fruits. Moving through trees at different speeds, changing directions and distances led to a high development of the motor centers of the brain. Approximately 6–8 million years ago, due to powerful mountain-building processes, cooling occurred in South Africa, and vast open spaces appeared. As a result of divergence, two evolutionary branches were formed - one leading to modern apes, and the other leading to humans.
The first among the ancestors of modern humans are the australopithecus (from Latin australis - southern + Greek pithekos - monkey), which appeared in Africa about 4 million years ago. Australopithecines, the so-called “ape people,” inhabited open plains and semi-deserts, lived in herds, walked on their lower (hind) limbs, and the body position was almost vertical. Hands freed from the function of movement could be used to obtain food and protect against enemies.
About 2–1.5 million years ago, in Eastern and Southern Africa, in Southeast Asia, there lived creatures closer to humans than Australopithecus. Homo habilis (“handy man”) knew how to process pebbles to make tools, built primitive shelters and huts, and began to use fire. A feature that distinguishes great apes from humans is considered to be a brain mass of 750 g.
In the process of human development, three stages are conventionally distinguished: ancient people; ancient people; modern people.
The result of evolution has become fundamental biosocial differences in humans, which appear in the process of ontogenesis under the condition of human life among people, in society. These features relate to human physiology, behavior, and lifestyle.
Man, unlike animals, has a special form of thinking - conceptual thinking. The concept contains the most important essential features and properties; concepts are abstract. The reflection of reality by animals is always concrete, objective, connected with certain objects of the surrounding world. Only human thinking can be logical, generalizing, abstract. Animals can perform very complex actions, but they are based on instincts - genetic programs that are inherited. The set of such actions is strictly limited, a sequence is defined that does not change with changing conditions, even if the action becomes impractical. A person first sets a goal, draws up a plan that can change if necessary, analyzes the results, and draws conclusions.
I. P. Pavlov (1925), exploring the features of higher nervous activity in humans, reveals its qualitative differences from the nervous activity of animals - the presence of a second signaling system, that is, speech. With their sense organs, animals and humans are able to detect various changes in the qualities and properties of surrounding objects and phenomena (sound, color, light, smell, taste, temperature, etc.). It is the work of sensory mechanisms that underlies the action of the first signaling system, common to humans and animals. At the same time, a second signaling system develops in humans. The signals here are words, speech, separated from the object itself, abstract and generalized. The word replaces immediate stimuli and is a “signal of signals.” Numerous observations have shown that the second signaling system can only be developed when communicating with people, that is, the development of speech is social in nature.
BIOSOCIAL
- English bioso-cial; German biosozial. Manifestations of an individual’s life activity, which are a consequence of the interaction of biological and social ( eg, sexual behavior).
Antinazi. Encyclopedia of Sociology, 2009
See what “BIOSOCIAL” is in other dictionaries:
biosocial- (from Latin bios - life and socicetas - society) a concept that is increasingly used in modern science and expresses the complex, dialectical relationship between the social and the biological in the individual. The biologization of personality is associated with... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary of Psychology and Pedagogy
BIOSOCIAL- English biosocial; German biosozial. Manifestations of an individual’s life activity, which are a consequence of the interaction of biological and social (for example, sexual behavior) ... Explanatory dictionary of sociology
A special kind of being, the creator of historical development, culture, the subject of social creativity. Ch. a biosocial creature, genetically related to other forms of life, separated from them due to the ability to produce tools, possessing ... Encyclopedia of Cultural Studies
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The main theme of philosophy, the central problem of all philosophies. schools and trends, inexhaustible due to its endless complexity, providing food for a wide variety of interpretations and interpretations. Ch., according to B. Pascal, is a chimera, unprecedented,... ... Philosophical Encyclopedia
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Books
- Human biology. Man as a biosocial being, Sidorova Maria Vladimirovna, Panina Elena Vitalievna, Cherepanova Nadezhda Gennadievna, The course “Human Biology” is one of the final ones in the learning process. It is based on the basic knowledge acquired by students in the process of studying courses in zoology, morphology,… Category: Other biological sciences Series: Textbooks for universities. Special literature Publisher: Lan,
- Human biology. Man as a biosocial being. Textbook, Sidorova M.V. The course Human Biology is one of the final courses in the learning process. It is based on the basic knowledge acquired by students in the process of studying courses in zoology, morphology,… Category: Biology Series: Textbooks for universities. Special literature Publisher:
Man as a biosocial being.
Plan:
1. The concept of “person”. Theories of human origin.
2. Binary human nature. Biosociality and its essence.
3. Distinctive features of a person.
Man is a holistic biopsychosocial being , which is also an organism (representative of Homo Sapiens), the creator and bearer of culture, as well as the main participants in the historical process.
The problem of man is one of the main ones in philosophy. Of great importance for understanding the essence of man and the paths of his development is clarification of the question of his origin.
The theory of the origin of man, the essence of which is to study the process of his emergence and development, is called anthropogenesis (from the gr. anthropos - man and genesis - origin).
There are several approaches to solving the question of human origins:
- Religious theory (divine; theological). Implies the divine origin of man. The soul is the source of humanity in man.
- Paleovisit theory. The essence of the theory is that man is an extraterrestrial being; aliens from outer space, having visited the Earth, left human beings on it.
- Charles Darwin's Theory of Evolution (materialist). Man is a biological species, his origin is natural. Genetically related to higher mammals. This theory belongs to materialistic theories (natural science). Natural science theory of F. Engels (materialistic). Friedrich Engels states that the main reason for the emergence of man (more precisely, his evolution) is work. Under the influence of work, a person’s consciousness was formed, as well as language and creative abilities.
Man is the highest stage of development of living organisms on Earth. Man is essentially a biosocial being. Binary human nature manifests itself in the fact that it is part of nature and at the same time inextricably linked with society. The biological and social in man are fused together, and only in such unity does he exist.
The biological nature of a person is his natural prerequisite, a condition of existence, and sociality is the essence of a person.
Man is a biological being | Man is a social being. |
Man belongs to the higher mammals, forming a special species, Homo sapiens. The biological nature of a person is manifested in his anatomy and physiology: he has circulatory, muscular, nervous and other systems. Its biological properties are not strictly programmed, which makes it possible to adapt to different living conditions | Inextricably linked with society. A person becomes a person only by entering into social relations, into communication with others. The social essence of a person is manifested through such properties as the ability and readiness for socially useful work, consciousness and reason, freedom and responsibility, etc. |
Absolutization of one of the aspects of human essence leads to biologization or sociologization.
The main differences between humans and animals:
Human | Animal |
1. A person has thinking and articulate speech. Only a person can reflect on his past, critically assessing it, and think about the future, making plans. | 1. Some species of monkeys also have communicative capabilities, but only humans are capable of transmitting objective information about the world around them to other people |
2. A person is capable of conscious, purposeful creative activity: Models his behavior and can choose various social roles; Has predictive ability, i.e. the ability to foresee the consequences of one’s actions, the nature and direction of the development of natural processes; Expresses a value-based attitude to reality. | 2. An animal’s behavior is subordinate to instinct; its actions are initially programmed. It does not separate itself from nature. |
3. A person, in the process of his activity, transforms the surrounding reality, creates the material and spiritual benefits and values he needs. Carrying out practically transformative activities, a person creates a “second nature” - culture. | 3. Animals adapt to the environment, which determines their way of life. They cannot make fundamental changes in the conditions of their existence. |
4. Man is capable of making tools and using them as a means of producing material goods. In other words, a person can make tools using previously made means of labor. | 4. Uses ready-made natural materials without transforming them |
A person reproduces not only his biological, but also his social essence and therefore must satisfy not only his material, but also his spiritual needs. Satisfaction of spiritual needs is associated with the formation of a person’s inner (spiritual) world.
Thus, a person is unique creature ( open to the world, unique, spiritually incomplete); universal being(capable of any type of activity); whole being(integrates (combines) the physical, mental and spiritual principles).
